The Prehistoric Era 1310 - 1617 Europe just slipped out of the dark ages. In Asia sciences had their top days. The first mechanical calculators showed up in Europe. Leonardo Da Vinci did he really invent a mechanical calculator? Napier developed the natural Logarithm |
pre history | antiquity
| pre industrial era | industrial
era
0000 - 496
- 1310
The
first mechanical clocks appeared
in Europe, supposedly because of inspiration by the stories that came
from China about mechanical clocks. |
|
The earliest reference to computers came from a writer called Trevisa. He wrote about "Compotystes" meaning persons that occupied themselves with calculations of time.
These tally sticks were used by the exchequer in the UK to keep track of taxes. (see also David Birch's article on Tallies and Technology)
Leonardo
Da Vinci drew the first clock with a pendulum.
Later in the 1950-60's Japanese engineers will use this mechanism as a timer
(parametron) and calculation mechanism
in their computers. It was also Da Vinci who probably invented the first
mechanical calculating device ever. A reconstruction of his device made
it very plausible that this was true. |
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This was the design in his own writing. Da Vinci wrote from right to left and in reverse (you could only read it normally from a mirror). The paper or book in wich he described his device is called the "Codex" and parts of it are preserved in different museums. (2) | |
This
was the reconstruction of his calculator, its present location is unknown
to the editors
|
Before he began to work on the Last Supper, Leonardo designed and possibly built the first humanoid robot in the Western civilization. The robot, an outgrowth of his earliest anatomy and kinesiology studies recorded in the Codex Huygens, was designed according to the Vitruvian canon. This armored robot knight was designed to sit up, wave its arms, and move its head via a flexible neck while opening and closing its anatomically correct jaw. It may have made sounds by the use of automated drums. On the outside, the robot is dressed in a typical German-Italian suit of armor of the late fifteenth century. This robot would influence Da Vinci's later anatomical studies in which he modeled the human limbs with cords to simulate tendons and muscles.(13)
The Quipa,
an aid of "computing" by means of making knots in tiny ropes was
widely in use by the Inca's. Quipas were made with colors and rope lengths
a combination that had its own specific meaning.
The Peruvians had devised a simular handy gadget consisting of strings and knots, called a Quipu, to assist them with counting. They used a form of decimal notation the position and form of the knots indicated tens, hundreds, etc. (12) |
Adam Riese (1489-1559) was the most famous and influential German arithmetician of the 16th century, and author of many popular commercial arithmetic books which made use of Indo-Arabic numerals instead of counters. (14) This promoted the use of the arabic notation in Europe tremendously. |
Peter Henlein, a craftsman from Nuremberg Germany, creates the first watch.
The first spinning-wheel became in use in Europe. This is a nice example of parallel inventions, since these kind of wheels were also developed in India and thereabouts but much earlier.
The increasing sophistication in technology of clocks and watches resulted in making more complicated kinds of automata during the European Renaissance. Gianello Toriano's mandolin playing lady is a famous example. This "clock" technology would become of crucial importance to the further development of computer technology.
Nicolaus Copernicus published the Revolutionibus, in which he stated that the planets and earth were moving around the sun. With this statement he recreated the contemporary human relationship to God as this was felt by the clergy. And as usual the authorities (i.e. the church) did not like his 'revolutionary' vision. He had a hard time surviving in the 16th century society, where all sciences and arts were subsidized by the clergy or nobility. Being supported as an artist or scientist by a maecenas (well doer) is not uncommon in this time. and the church effectively silenced Copernicus by withdrawing her support. A method still in use by modern-day politicians.
Joost Buerghi (Switzerland) developed the Logarithm table(6). This marks a milestone in the development of mathematics. Much later it appeared that without the development of logarithms the computer would have taken much longer to develop.
Lord John Napier (1550-1617) from Merchiston (Scotland), thought to be practicing black arts, developed the Natural Logarithm (ln). He also invented a kind of mechanical calculator, the famous Napier Bones, what made it rather simple to multiply, and wrote about it in his Rabdologica.(published posthumously in 1617) Mind that in this period people can hardly divide and multiply. If you could do so, you belong to the highest educated part of society. In almost all important technical museums, you can see originals or copies of the Napier bones: Paris Musée des Hommes et Techniques, London Science Museum, Muenchen Deutsches Museum, Washington Smithsonian Institute, etc. |
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William Gilbert coins the term electricity from the Greek word elecktra. |
Around this year the first clock showing minutes and seconds is built by Joseph Burghi, Switzerland
John Napier made the first printed use of the decimal point (after it had been invented in the Netherlands) and invented logarithms, and several devices for multiplication. The "bones" he invented were an aid to multiplication, though perhaps the chessboard calculator was the most ingenious and least known!
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Lord John Napier published his findings on logarithms in his tractate "Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonus Descriptio" (Description of the admirable Canon of Logarithm) and influenced with this paper the entire development of mathematical science in the United Kingdom and beyond. |
Napier's book was published posthumously : "Rabdologiae, sue Numertionis per Virgulas Libri duo" in which he explained extensively the method for division and multiplication using his "Napier Bones".(7) |
Last Updated on 12 February, 2004 | For suggestions please mail the editors |
Footnotes & References